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| image = Illustrerad Verldshistoria band I Ill 058.jpg |caption=Cyrus the Great with a Hemhem crown | coronation = | birth_date = 600 or 576 BC | birth_place = Anshan, Persia | death_date = 4 December, 530 BC〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=CYRUS iii. Cyrus II The Great )〕 | death_place = Along the Syr Darya | burial_place = Pasargadae | full name = | succession = King of Persia | reign = 559-530 BC | predecessor = Cambyses I | successor = Cambyses II | succession1 = King of Media | reign1 = 549-530 BC | predecessor1 = Astyages | successor1 = Cambyses II | succession2 = King of Lydia | reign2 = 547-530 BC | predecessor2 = Croesus | successor2 = Cambyses II | succession3 = King of Babylon | reign3 = 539-530 BC | predecessor3 = Belshazzar | successor3 = Cambyses II | succession4 = King of the Four Corners of the World | reign4 = 550-530 | predecessor4 = New office | successor4 = Cambyses II | spouse = | spouse-type = Consort | issue = | house = Achaemenid | father = Cambyses I | mother = Mandane of Media }} Cyrus II of Persia (Old Persian: 〔Unicode: 〕 ''Kūruš''; New Persian: کوروش بُزُرگ Kurosh-e Bozorg ; c. 600 or 576 – 530 BC), commonly known as Cyrus the Great 〔Xenophon, ''Anabasis'' I. IX; see also M. A. Dandamaev "Cyrus II", in ''Encyclopaedia Iranica''.〕 and also called Cyrus the Elder by the Greeks, was the founder of the Achaemenid Empire.〔Schmitt Achaemenid dynasty (i. The clan and dynasty)〕 Under his rule, the empire embraced all the previous civilized states of the ancient Near East,〔 expanded vastly and eventually conquered most of Southwest Asia and much of Central Asia and the Caucasus. From the Mediterranean Sea and Hellespont in the west to the Indus River in the east, Cyrus the Great created the largest empire the world had yet seen. Under his successors, the empire eventually stretched from parts of the Balkans (Bulgaria-Pannonia) and Thrace-Macedonia in the west, to the Indus Valley in the east. His regal titles in full were The Great King, King of Persia, King of Anshan, King of Media, King of Babylon, King of Sumer and Akkad, and King of the Four Corners of the World. The reign of Cyrus the Great lasted between 29 and 31 years. Cyrus built his empire by conquering first the Median Empire, then the Lydian Empire and eventually the Neo-Babylonian Empire. Either before or after Babylon, he led an expedition into central Asia, which resulted in major campaigns that were described as having brought "into subjection every nation without exception".〔Cambridge Ancient History IV Chapter 3c. p. 170. The quote is from the Greek historian Herodotus.〕 Cyrus did not venture into Egypt, as he himself died in battle, fighting the Massagetae along the Syr Darya in December 530 BC.〔Beckwith, Christopher. (2009). ''Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present''. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-13589-2. Page 63.〕〔Cyrus's date of death can be deduced from the last two references to his own reign (a tablet from Borsippa dated to 12 August and the final from Babylon 12 September 530 BC) and the first reference to the reign of his son Cambyses (a tablet from Babylon dated to 31 August and or 4 September), but a undocumented tablet from the city of Kish dates the last official reign of Cyrus to 4 December 530 BC; see R. A. Parker and W. H. Dubberstein, ''Babylonian Chronology 626 B.C. – A.D. 75'', 1971.〕 He was succeeded by his son, Cambyses II, who managed to add to the empire by conquering Egypt, Nubia, and Cyrenaica during his short rule. Cyrus the Great respected the customs and religions of the lands he conquered.〔Dandamayev Cyrus (iii. Cyrus the Great) Cyrus's religious policies.〕 It is said that in universal history, the role of the Achaemenid Empire founded by Cyrus lies in its very successful model for centralized administration and establishing a government working to the advantage and profit of its subjects.〔 In fact, the administration of the empire through satraps and the vital principle of forming a government at Pasargadae were the works of Cyrus.〔The Cambridge Ancient History Vol. IV p. 42. See also: G. Buchaman Gray and D. Litt, ''The foundation and extension of the Persian empire'', Chapter I in ''The Cambridge Ancient History Vol. IV'', 2nd edition, published by The University Press, 1927. P. 15. Excerpt: ''The administration of the empire through satrap, and much more belonging to the form or spirit of the government, was the work of Cyrus ...''〕 What is sometimes referred to as the Edict of Restoration (actually two edicts) described in the Bible as being made by Cyrus the Great left a lasting legacy on the Jewish religion, where, because of his policies in Babylonia, he is referred to by the Jewish Bible as Messiah (lit. "His anointed one") (), and is the only non-Jew to be called so:〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Cyrus the Messiah - The BAS Library )〕 Cyrus the Great is also well recognized for his achievements in human rights, politics, and military strategy, as well as his influence on both Eastern and Western civilizations. Having originated from Persis, roughly corresponding to the modern Iranian province of Fars, Cyrus has played a crucial role in defining the national identity of modern Iran. Cyrus and, indeed, the Achaemenid influence in the ancient world also extended as far as Athens, where many Athenians adopted aspects of the Achaemenid Persian culture as their own, in a reciprocal cultural exchange. In the 1970s, the Shah of Iran Mohammad Reza Pahlavi identified his famous proclamation inscribed onto Cyrus Cylinder as the oldest known declaration of human rights,〔Neil MacGregor, "The whole world in our hands", in ''Art and Cultural Heritage: Law, Policy, and Practice'', p. 383–4, ed. Barbara T. Hoffman. Cambridge University Press, 2006. ISBN 0-521-85764-3〕 and the Cylinder has since been popularized as such. This view has been criticized by some historians as a misunderstanding of the Cylinder's generic nature as a traditional statement that new monarchs make at the beginning of their reign.〔〔 ==Background== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Cyrus the Great」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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